PRODUCT CLASSIFICATION
產品分類過去一(yi)般檢(jian)(jian)(jian)定直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)測(ce)試儀,是采用大(da)功(gong)率模(mo)(mo)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)標(biao)準電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)器,對其進行檢(jian)(jian)(jian)定。檢(jian)(jian)(jian)定接(jie)線復雜(za),而且檢(jian)(jian)(jian)定過程中直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)測(ce)試儀輸出的(de)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)通過調制(zhi)轉換成小電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu),再由固定阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)的(de)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)標(biao)準電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)產生不(bu)同的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓輸出,模(mo)(mo)擬不(bu)同阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)的(de)大(da)功(gong)率電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu),但始終無法消除波紋給檢(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)結果帶來的(de)影響。經過幾年的(de)探索研究,研制(zhi)了有源大(da)功(gong)率直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)器,用其做為標(biao)準器進行檢(jian)(jian)(jian)定直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu),接(jie)線簡(jian)便,同時能夠(gou)消除大(da)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)引起(qi)的(de)發(fa)熱(re)和波紋影響,使檢(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)結果更,而且也(ye)大(da)大(da)縮短檢(jian)(jian)(jian)定時間,提高了工作效率。
1 大功率電(dian)阻標(biao)準電(dian)阻器
大(da)(da)(da)功(gong)率電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)標準電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)器(qi)大(da)(da)(da)體上可分(fen)為三(san)大(da)(da)(da)類(lei):大(da)(da)(da)功(gong)率微(wei)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)標準電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)器(qi)、大(da)(da)(da)功(gong)率模擬直流標準電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)器(qi)、有源大(da)(da)(da)功(gong)率標準直流電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)器(qi)。
1.1大功(gong)率微電阻標準(zhun)電阻器
大(da)功率微電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)標(biao)準(zhun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)器(qi),由(you)多個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)串聯(lian)構成,見圖l。作為標(biao)準(zhun)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)檢定直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)時(shi)?輸(shu)出的大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)器(qi)各端形成不同(tong)的分(fen)壓(ya),由(you)此(ci)測(ce)得(de)不同(tong)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)值的直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)。盡(jin)管此(ci)標(biao)準(zhun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)為實物電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu),能(neng)夠反映直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)測(ce)量(liang)儀測(ce)量(liang)的真況。但由(you)于其為充油電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu),體積大(da),發熱(re)高,穩定性(xing)很難保證。因此(ci),逐步被大(da)功率模擬直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)標(biao)準(zhun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)器(qi)所取(qu)代。
1.2大功(gong)率模擬直流標準電阻器
大功(gong)率(lv)(lv)模擬直(zhi)流標準(zhun)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)器,是將直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)測試儀輸(shu)出的(de)直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)流通過調制解調器轉換成小電(dian)(dian)流,由固定(ding)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值產(chan)生壓降(jiang),作(zuo)為電(dian)(dian)壓輸(shu)出,以此模擬不同(tong)阻(zu)值的(de)大功(gong)率(lv)(lv)直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)阻(zu),見圖(tu)2。該(gai)標準(zhun)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)器工作(zuo)范圍較(jiao)寬(kuan),準(zhun)確度較(jiao)高,穩定(ding)性(xing)也很好(hao);但接(jie)(jie)線(xian)端子過多,接(jie)(jie)線(xian)比較(jiao)復雜,試驗中始終存在波紋對檢測的(de)影響。
1.3有源大(da)功率直流標(biao)準電阻器
有源(yuan)大(da)(da)(da)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)器(qi)它(ta)的組成是采用(yong)1個固定阻(zu)(zu)值(zhi)的大(da)(da)(da)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)器(qi)和l臺精(jing)密(mi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)箱共同構成。實際(ji)上(shang)精(jing)密(mi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)箱與(yu)大(da)(da)(da)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)構成1個四端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)。C1、C:為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)端,P。、P2為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)端。從C卜C:端輸人大(da)(da)(da)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)f,通過高(gao)穩(wen)定的大(da)(da)(da)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)定值(zhi)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)rl產生壓(ya)(ya)降毗(pi)。即先(xian)將大(da)(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)變(bian)換(huan)為小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya),避免了(le)大(da)(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)給測量帶來的發熱現象。而(er)且(qie),高(gao)精(jing)密(mi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)箱通過低通濾波(bo)又抵消了(le)波(bo)紋的影響,確保了(le)檢定的準確。因此,有源(yuan)大(da)(da)(da)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)器(qi),是目前(qian)用(yong)于校準直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)測試儀比較理(li)想的儀器(qi)。
2 有(you)源大功率電阻(zu)器檢(jian)定系統及誤(wu)差分析
2.1 有源大功(gong)率直流(liu)標準電阻(zu)器(qi)檢定系統設計
有源(yuan)大功(gong)率(lv)直流標準電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)器中(zhong)的(de)(de)高精(jing)度電(dian)(dian)子變壓(ya)箱(xiang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)主(zhu)要是由模/數轉換器ADC、DSP、數/模轉換器DAC、放大、濾波電(dian)(dian)路(lu)和外部接口等(deng)(deng)組成(cheng),。從式,.=11.0rs/u;=/o-.中(zhong)看出,在檢定中(zhong)需要等(deng)(deng)效電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)值的(de)(de)關(guan)鍵是電(dian)(dian)子變壓(ya)箱(xiang)的(de)(de)變壓(ya)系數后。電(dian)(dian)子變壓(ya)箱(xiang)通過(guo)其系統的(de)(de)一系列濾波采樣(yang)能夠(gou)讀取Ⅱ;,相對于UO、n;的(de)(de)誤(wu)差可以(yi)忽略不計。采用(yong)高分辨率(lv)的(de)(de)DAC和溫(wen)度系數不低于I肛V/"C的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)參考源(yuan)共同保障‰的(de)(de)準確(que)度。所以(yi),理(li)論(lun)上后的(de)(de)準確(que)度可以(yi)達到0.05%。
2.2誤(wu)差分(fen)析
有源(yuan)大功率直(zhi)流電阻(zu)器的(de)直(zhi)流標準電阻(zu)等級一般在0.01%,而高精(jing)度(du)電子變壓(ya)箱(xiang)的(de)誤(wu)差主要來源(yuan)于(yu)其中的(de)數/模轉(zhuan)換(huan)器DAC,轉(zhuan)換(huan)帶來約lO斗V的(de)誤(wu)差。因此(ci),理論誤(wu)差應不低于(yu)0.05%砍可面兩(liang)‘可而再矛一o.05%檢定直(zhi)流電阻(zu)測(ce)試儀(yi)使用的(de)有源(yuan)大功率電阻(zu)器,在不同測(ce)量(liang)范圍的(de)實際(ji)準確度(du)
3 結束(shu)語
3.1實驗(yan)表明:采用(yong)固定電阻(zu)(zu)值的(de)大功(gong)率(lv)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)標準(zhun)電阻(zu)(zu)與(yu)(yu)精(jing)密電子變壓箱構成(cheng)的(de)有源大功(gong)率(lv)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)標準(zhun)電阻(zu)(zu)器可(ke)有效避免校驗(yan)時(shi)(shi)大電流(liu)(liu)、大功(gong)率(lv)帶行堆(dui)(dui)(dui)焊處(chu)理(li)(管(guan)子與(yu)(yu)鰭片同時(shi)(shi)堆(dui)(dui)(dui)焊),堆(dui)(dui)(dui)焊區域為原焊縫上下各約50 mill。堆(dui)(dui)(dui)焊后打磨(mo),使(shi)管(guan)子與(yu)(yu)堆(dui)(dui)(dui)焊層之間平滑過(guo)渡(du),過(guo)渡(du)區域長度(du)約20一25衄(nv)。
目前部分電(dian)廠在(zai)該(gai)(gai)部位(wei)采用(yong)噴涂(tu)防(fang)磨(mo)(mo)(mo)涂(tu)層(ceng)處理,但一般防(fang)磨(mo)(mo)(mo)涂(tu)層(ceng)與(yu)基材(cai)結(jie)合(he)達不到(dao)冶金結(jie)合(he)的強(qiang)度,加(jia)上涂(tu)層(ceng)與(yu)管材(cai)膨脹系(xi)數的差(cha)異(yi)及(ji)熱阻(zu)的存在(zai),防(fang)磨(mo)(mo)(mo)涂(tu)層(ceng)容(rong)易形成分層(ceng)鼓包(bao)脫落,在(zai)脫落處形成磨(mo)(mo)(mo)損。另(ling)外,防(fang)磨(mo)(mo)(mo)涂(tu)層(ceng)給該(gai)(gai)區域磨(mo)(mo)(mo)損后(hou)焊接修補處理帶來大不便。
3.2根(gen)據爐膛四(si)角*根(gen)水冷壁管子容易(yi)磨損的(de)特點,在(zai)夾角*根(gen)水冷壁管兩側(ce)鰭(qi)片焊上Y型抓(zhua)釘,再防磨澆注料將夾角兩側(ce)*根(gen)水冷壁管包縛(fu)處(chu)理。當(dang)然(ran),此種(zhong)方(fang)法會使爐內(nei)容積稍微減小(xiao),受熱面對流、輻射傳(chuan)熱量減小(xiao),鍋(guo)爐熱效率會受到(dao)一定(ding)的(de)影響,但總之(zhi)是利多弊少。
3.3防磨澆(jiao)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)應選擇(ze)既耐(nai)磨又(you)具有較強結合強度的(de)材料(liao)(liao)(liao),澆(jiao)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)應請有資質的(de)專業施(shi)工(gong)隊伍進行,嚴格按(an)照要求保養(yang),避免快速(su)升溫升壓而降低(di)其(qi)性能。檢查發現有局(ju)部(bu)(bu)澆(jiao)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)脫(tuo)落時,應將原(yuan)來澆(jiao)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)盡量打掉(diao),使之露出抓(zhua)釘(ding),對缺少抓(zhua)釘(ding)的(de)部(bu)(bu)位*行補焊抓(zhua)釘(ding)后再進行澆(jiao)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)修補。
3.4運(yun)(yun)行人員應(ying)不斷總結經驗,合理配風,保持適當床壓(ya),減少超(chao)負荷(he)超(chao)煤量運(yun)(yun)行,使(shi)各項參數(shu)處于合理的范(fan)圍內。
3.5檢修維(wei)護人(ren)員要增強責任(ren)心,加強停爐檢查,發現問題及時按(an)工藝要求進行處理,盡可(ke)能將事故消(xiao)除(chu)在萌芽階段。
3.6由于3臺鍋爐(lu)配2臺汽輪發電機,可(ke)以定(ding)期輪流停(ting)1臺鍋爐(lu)進(jin)行(xing)檢查,這樣既可(ke)以平均利用3臺鍋爐(lu),又(you)可(ke)以及時檢查水(shui)冷(leng)壁磨損情況。
3.7循環流化(hua)床鍋(guo)(guo)爐是(shi)環保型(xing)鍋(guo)(guo)爐,雖然存在(zai)受熱面(mian)磨(mo)損的缺點,但只(zhi)要綜合(he)考慮各(ge)方面(mian)的影響因素(su),并積(ji)采(cai)取應(ying)對措施,就一定(ding)能夠較大(da)程度的減少磨(mo)損停(ting)爐事故,提高循環流化(hua)床鍋(guo)(guo)爐的可靠性、安(an)全性、經濟性。