繼(ji)電保護(hu)（relayprotection），是(shi)對電力系統(tong)中發(fa)(fa)生的(de)故障(zhang)或異常情況進行(xing)檢測，從而發(fa)(fa)出(chu)報警信號，或直(zhi)接將故障(zhang)部分隔離、切除的(de)一(yi)種重(zhong)要措施。因在其(qi)發(fa)(fa)展過程(cheng)中曾主要用(yong)有(you)觸(chu)點的(de)、變壓器、輸(shu)電線路等(deng)），使(shi)之免遭損害，所以沿(yan)稱繼(ji)電保護(hu)。

微機繼電保護測試儀

繼電保護發展歷程

繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)是隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統的(de)(de)發展(zhan)而發展(zhan)起(qi)來的(de)(de)。20世紀(ji)初隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統的(de)(de)發展(zhan)，繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)開(kai)始廣泛應用于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)，這時(shi)期是繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)技術發展(zhan)的(de)(de)開(kai)端(duan)。早的(de)(de)繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)裝(zhuang)置是熔斷器(qi)。從20世紀(ji)50年代到90年代末(mo)，在40余年的(de)(de)時(shi)間里，繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)完成了發展(zhan)的(de)(de)4個階(jie)段，即從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)式保(bao)(bao)護(hu)裝(zhuang)置到晶體管(guan)式繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)裝(zhuang)置、到集成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)裝(zhuang)置、再到微機繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)裝(zhuang)置。

隨著電(dian)(dian)子技(ji)術(shu)(shu)、計算(suan)機技(ji)術(shu)(shu)、通信技(ji)術(shu)(shu)的飛(fei)速發展，人工(gong)智(zhi)能技(ji)術(shu)(shu)如人工(gong)神經網絡(luo)、遺傳算(suan)法、進化規模、模糊邏輯等(deng)相(xiang)繼(ji)在繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)保護(hu)(hu)領(ling)域的研究應用，繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)保護(hu)(hu)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)向(xiang)計算(suan)機化、網絡(luo)化、一體化、智(zhi)能化方向(xiang)發展。

19世紀(ji)的(de)(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)25年里(li)，作為早的(de)(de)(de)繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)保(bao)護(hu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置熔斷(duan)器(qi)已(yi)開始應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。電(dian)(dian)力系統的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展，電(dian)(dian)網結構日趨復雜，短路容量(liang)不(bu)斷(duan)增大(da)，到(dao)20世紀(ji)初期產生了作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于斷(duan)路器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)磁型(xing)繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)保(bao)護(hu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置。雖(sui)然在(zai)1928年電(dian)(dian)子器(qi)件已(yi)開始被應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于保(bao)護(hu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置，但電(dian)(dian)子型(xing)靜(jing)態繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)量(liang)推廣(guang)和生產，只是(shi)在(zai)50年代晶(jing)體管和其他(ta)固(gu)態元器(qi)件迅速發(fa)(fa)展之后(hou)(hou)才得以實(shi)現(xian)。靜(jing)態繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)有較高的(de)(de)(de)靈(ling)敏度(du)(du)(du)和動作速度(du)(du)(du)、維護(hu)簡(jian)單(dan)、壽命(ming)長、體積小、消(xiao)耗功率(lv)小等(deng)優點(dian)，但較易受環境(jing)溫度(du)(du)(du)和外界(jie)干(gan)擾的(de)(de)(de)影響。1965年出現(xian)了應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)計算機的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)字式(shi)繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)保(bao)護(hu)。大(da)規模集成電(dian)(dian)路技術的(de)(de)(de)飛速發(fa)(fa)展,微處理機和微型(xing)計算機的(de)(de)(de)普(pu)遍應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),極(ji)大(da)地推動了數(shu)(shu)字式(shi)繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)保(bao)護(hu)技術的(de)(de)(de)開發(fa)(fa)，目(mu)前微機數(shu)(shu)字保(bao)護(hu)正處于日新月異的(de)(de)(de)研究試(shi)驗階段，并已(yi)有少量(liang)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置正式(shi)運行。

繼電保護分類

①按被(bei)保護(hu)對象分類，有輸電(dian)線(xian)保護(hu)和主設備保護(hu)(如發電(dian)機(ji)、變壓器、母線(xian)、電(dian)抗(kang)器、電(dian)容(rong)器等保護(hu))。

②按保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)功(gong)能分(fen)類，有短路故障保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)和(he)異常運(yun)行(xing)(xing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)。前者又可分(fen)為主保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)、后備保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)和(he)輔助保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)；后者又可分(fen)為過負荷保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)、失磁保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)、失步(bu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)、低(di)頻保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)、非(fei)全相運(yun)行(xing)(xing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)等。

③按保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)進行比較(jiao)和(he)運算處理的(de)信(xin)號量(liang)分類，有模(mo)擬式保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)和(he)數字式保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)。一切機(ji)電型(xing)(xing)、整流型(xing)(xing)、晶體(ti)管(guan)型(xing)(xing)和(he)集成(cheng)電路型(xing)(xing)（運算放大器）保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)，它們直接反映輸入信(xin)號的(de)連續模(mo)擬量(liang)，均屬模(mo)擬式保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)；采(cai)用微處理機(ji)和(he)微型(xing)(xing)計算機(ji)的(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)，它們反應的(de)是(shi)(shi)將模(mo)擬量(liang)經采(cai)樣和(he)模(mo)/數轉換后的(de)離散數字量(liang),這是(shi)(shi)數字式保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)。

④按保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)動作原理分類(lei)，有過電流(liu)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)、低電壓保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)、過電壓保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)、功率方向保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)、距離保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)、差動保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)、高(gao)頻（載波）保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)等。

繼電保護基本性能

①安全性：繼電保護裝置應在不(bu)該動(dong)作時(shi)可靠地不(bu)動(dong)作，即不(bu)應發生誤動(dong)作現象(xiang)。

②可靠性(xing)：繼(ji)電保護裝置應在該動作時可靠地(di)動作，即(ji)不應發生拒動作現象。

③快(kuai)速(su)性：繼(ji)電保(bao)護裝(zhuang)置應能以(yi)可能的短時限將故障部分(fen)或異常工況(kuang)從系統中(zhong)切除(chu)或消除(chu)。

④選擇性：繼電保護裝(zhuang)置應在可能(neng)的小區間將故障部(bu)分(fen)從系(xi)統(tong)中(zhong)切除，以保證大(da)限度地向(xiang)*部(bu)分(fen)繼續供電。

⑤靈(ling)敏(min)性：表(biao)示繼(ji)電保(bao)護(hu)(hu)裝置反(fan)映故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)能力(li)。通(tong)常以靈(ling)敏(min)系數klm表(biao)示。靈(ling)敏(min)系數有兩種表(biao)達方式(shi),即反(fan)映故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)參(can)(can)(can)量(liang)(liang)上升的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)靈(ling)敏(min)系數，klm=保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區內金(jin)屬(shu)性短(duan)路時故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)參(can)(can)(can)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)小計(ji)算值/保(bao)護(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)動作(zuo)參(can)(can)(can)量(liang)(liang);反(fan)映故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)參(can)(can)(can)量(liang)(liang)下降的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)靈(ling)敏(min)系數,klm=保(bao)護(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)動作(zuo)參(can)(can)(can)量(liang)(liang)/保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區內金(jin)屬(shu)性短(duan)路時故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)參(can)(can)(can)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)大計(ji)算值。